Pdf a large epidemic of chikungunya fever currently affects the caribbean, central and south america. The case definition of chikungunya fever as proposed by the world health organization who regional office for southeast asia is discussed below. Arizona arboviral handbook for chikungunya, dengue, and. However, laboratory testing is essential to distinguish chikungunya fever from the other conditions. Pcr testing was in process, and the patient was clinically diagnosed with chikungunya fever. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever pubmed central pmc. Chikungunya chik fever, caused by chikungunya virus, is an arboviral disease transmitted by the bite of the infected aedes mosquitoes. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an acute vascular permeability syndrome accompanied by abnormal hemostasis. Coinfection of chikungunya fever with dengue has been reported from yemen.
Since the second edition of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Texas has the highest number of cases of dengue fever in the united states. Dengue may also occur in other parts of the world such as south america, central america and the caribbean. Dengue fever prevention passport health travel clinics. It was only after the outbreak of chikungunya in makonde plateau, along the border between mozambique and tanganyika tanzania that it was identified as a separate disease. Lumsden in 1955 robinson, 1955, following an outbreak in 1952 on the makonde plateau, along the border between mozambique. Using as examples zika, chikungunya and dengue, we summarise current knowledge on characteristics of the viruses and their transmission, clinical features, laboratory. Arboviral disease reporting and investigation guideline. If left untreated, dengue fever can develop into the fatal dengue. Chikungunya and dengue fever are both mosquitotransmitted viral diseases that are endemic in asia and africa. It can be misdiagnosed for chikungunya, zika virus, or yellow fever.
Interferon response factors 3 and 7 protect against. It is sometimes called break bone fever, as it causes severe joint and muscle pain. A viral hemorrhagic fever is a possible cause of the plague of athens during the peloponnesian war. Guidelines on clinical management of chikungunya fever pphsn. Todays topics arboviruses general concept dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever mcqs and case studies 3. Chikungunya chikungunya fever is a mosquitoborne disease caused by a virus in the alphavirus genus, togaviridae family14. The presence of natural and manmade containers that serve as. Dengue is related to zika virus, yellow fever, west nile virus, and japanese encephalitis. In recent decades the aedes mosquitoes carrying chikungunya have spread to the european region. Dengue fever and chikungunya are insectborne viral diseases that can cause severe morbidity. Viral culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of chikungunya fever. Approximately 50 million people are infected annually, with 25 000 deaths. In 2007, a chikungunya outbreak was reported for the first time in italy.
Results matching topic of dengue hemorrhagic fever page 1. In contrast to the majority depicted here as a dashed line, a small proportion of people will have worse symptoms, rather than getting better three to six days after they first get sick. Evidence for chikungunyadengue coinfection has been found in angola, gabon, india, madagascar. Mosquitoborne viral disease characterized by acute onset of fever. During their periods of high viremia, usually 35 days before fever onset until the fever subsides, humans can infect mosquitoes with dengue and zika. While dengue is generally flulike dhf can be fatal. Sep 04, 2017 the topic chikungunya hemorrhagic fever you are seeking is a synonym, or alternative name, or is closely related to the medical condition chikungunya. Fever, polyarthralgia usually bilateral and symmetric and associated with distal joints such as. Pdf diagnosis and management of imported chikungunya fever. Aug 01, 2019 chikungunya infection is confirmed via serological tests, which take about 57 days into the illness to turn positive. Viral hemorrhagic fever dengue fever presented by jega subramaniam, student guided by ap. Interferon response factors 3 and 7 protect against chikungunya virus hemorrhagic fever and shock. Chikungunya virus chikv, on the other hand, belongs.
The topic chikungunya hemorrhagic fever you are seeking is a synonym, or alternative name, or is closely related to the medical condition chikungunya. Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever dhf are increasingly recognized as major public health problems in over 100 countries in the tropics and subtropics. What is the who case definition of chikungunya virus infection. Outcome of dengue hemorrhagic fevercaused acute kidney injury in thai children. Martin and has now spread to seven other countries, the authorities said. Cryptosporidiosis to dengue hemorrhagic fever 2014. The recent emergence and reemergence of viral infections transmitted by vectorszika, chikungunya, dengue, japanese encephalitis, west nile, yellow fever and othersis a cause for international concern. A chikungunya fever outbreak that appeared in the caribbean in december has spread to the americas, where populations were not previously exposed to alphaviruses. Dengue hemorrhagic fever can occur when someone is bitten by a mosquito or exposed to blood infected with the dengue virus. Therefore, early diagnosis is based on a high index of clinical suspicion based on epidemiology and clinical presentation that includes the triad of high fever, rash, and associated rheumatologic manifestations. Rudd, a, b jane wilson, a, c joy gardner, a thibaut larcher, d candice babarit, d thuy t. University of groningen dengue and chikungunya virus van. This is called severe dengue, or sometimes dengue hemorrhagic fever. A chikungunya diagnosis becomes more likely if the child has visited or lived in an endemicepidemic area.
Using as examples zika, chikungunya and dengue, we summarise current knowledge on characteristics of the viruses and their transmission, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, burden. Results matching topic of dengue hemorrhagic fever page. Its incidence is increasing in tropical and subtropical areas 1,2 because of 1 introduction of the virus into areas where it was not previously endemic, and 2 the spread. A viral hemorrhagic fever is an alternate theory of the cause of the black death and the plague of justinian. They are both viral infections spread by the aedes mosquito in contrast to the anopheles mosquito, which is associated with malaria. Imported dengue hemorrhagic fever, europe to the editor.
Download pdf bmc infectious diseases biomed central. Chikungunya fever is caused by infection with chikungunya virus chikv, an alphavirus in the family togaviridae. Dengue fever dengue virus dengue hemorrhagic fever. Arizona arboviral handbook for chikungunya, dengue, and zika. There is no cure for dengue fever or chikungunya but treatment may involve monitoring of fluids andor pain relief. Dengue fever, a very old disease, has reemerged in the past 20 years with an expanded geographic distribution of both the viruses and the mosquito vectors, increased epidemic activity, the development of hyperendemicity the cocirculation of multiple serotypes, and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in new geographic regions. Plasma leakage and intrinsic coagulopathy are the pathological hall marks in dengue haemorrhagic fever dhf. Pdf the first reported case of chikungunya virus diagnosed by serology in. The illness has only recently become a concern in western countries and temperate zones around the world. Chikungunya fever chik is an emerging, mosquitoborne disease.
Transmission occurs through the bite of infected aedes mosquitoes, principally aedes aegypti, which is also the principal urban vector of yellow fever. In 1998 this mosquitoborne disease is the most important. Rest, drink plenty of fluids, and avoid further mosquito bites by using repellents. Symptoms are fever, joint and muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash. Dengue fever is one of the most common viral arthropodborne diseases in the world, with an estimated 150 million infections and 25,000 associated deaths each year worldwide although the number of cases could be more than double this figure on account of underreporting. To learn more about the signs and symptoms of dengue fever, contact a passport health travel specialist.
Onset of symptoms typically occurs after a 410 day incubation period and may last for 27 days. Dengue infection is an endemic and epidemic urban disease 1, transmitted by infected aedes mosquitoes. Zika fever, like dengue and chikungunya, is a viral disease. Comparison of chikungunya virus infection and dengue fever. These typically occur two to twelve days after exposure. What is the who case definition of chikungunya virus. A more serious form of the disease called dengue hemorrhagic fever can occur if you are infected a second time with a different strain of the four variants of the dengue virus. Dengue, chikungunya,zika, and yellow fever are exceptions because mosquitoes can transmit the virus from one viremic human to an uninfected human. Introduction dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever dhf result from infection by any of four serotypes of dengue viruses. Pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever and its impact.
In a study published from thailand, it was reported that compared with patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever, subjects with chikungunya fever were more likely to manifest arthralgiaarthritis, maculopaular rash, and conjunctival injection. Interferon response factors 3 and 7 protect against chikungunya virus hemorrhagic fever and shock penny a. In addition to the chikungunya fever epidemic in tanzania in 19521953, several other outbreaks have affected. Jan 27, 2016 introduction dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever dhf result from infection by any of four serotypes of dengue viruses. Chikungunya is an infection caused by the chikungunya virus chikv. Pdf chikungunya virus, a mosquitoborne alphavirus, is endemic in africa and southeast.
Chikungunya virus is primarily transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes. Outbreaks of chikungunya fever 2 are sporadic, and there is no licensed vaccine to protect against the disease. Chikungunya fever is a selfremitting febrile viral illness that has been associated with frequent outbreaks in tropical countries of africa and southeast asia. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and a rash. Chikungunya and dengue fever similarities, symptoms, treatment. However, if you are infected subsequently with a different serotype, immunity wanes over time which increases the risk of developing dengue hemorrhagic fever. Chikungunya should be suspected when a child presents with highgrade fever of acute onset, rash andor arthralgia andor edema not otherwise explained by a different infectious cause. Arizona arboviral handbook for chikungunya, dengue, and zika viruses p a g e 5 i.
Le, a itaru anraku, a yutaro kumagai, e yuehming loo, f michael gale, jr. Global expansion of chikungunya virus international journal of. In some people, the joint pain may persist for months. If left untreated, dengue fever can develop into the fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever dhf. Chikungunya fever, a viral disease similar to dengue, was first spotted in december on the french side of st. The primary risk factor for hemorrhagic fever is previous infection with a different dengue serotype i. Laoprasopwattana k, pruekprasert p, dissaneewate p, et al. Dengue haemorrhagic fever typical cases of dhf are characterized by four major clinical manifestations. Serious cases of dengue will progress into dengue hemorrhagic fever or dhf. This worrying trend has raised serious concern among the health authorities, as aedes albopictus, the. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, or rash. Dengue haemorrhagic fever a public health problem and a. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever clinical microbiology. However, they are caused by different forms of virus.
Chikungunya virus chikv serology and reverse transcriptase. The early clinical presentation is similar to dengue fever, and includes abrupt onset of fever, malaise, vomiting, headache and anorexia. Dengue haemorrhagic fever dengue shock syndrome dhfdss is an enigmatic and growing public health problem which is confined at present to countries of southeast asia. Apr 06, 2020 the case definition of chikungunya fever as proposed by the world health organization who regional office for southeast asia is discussed below. Arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers including lassa fever nipah and related henipaviral diseases chikungunya emerging nonpolio enteroviruses cholera plague crimeancongo hemorrhagic fever cchf rift valley fever rvf filoviral diseases including ebola and marburg.
Df occurs in over 100 countries worldwide, and is now the leading cause of fever in returning travelers from the caribbean, latin america and southeast asia cdc, 2016 chikungunya. Following the outbreak of autochthonous chikungunya fever in humans in northern italy, first reported 3 years ago 1 we have now witnessed two independent cases of autochthonous transmission of dengue fever and two cases of chikungunya fever in southeastern france during september 2010. Chikungunya is a common infection, seen in africa and asia endemic areas, transmitted by the bites of the aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquito species that are infected. Since 1956, over 350 000 patients have been hospitalized and nearly 12 000 deaths. The initial, and currently only, outbreak of lujo virus in septemberoctober 2008 left 45 patients dead. Characteristic chikungunya virus infection dengue fever comments or additional information incubation period. Chikungunya virus infection should be considered in patients with acute onset of fever and polyarthralgia, especially travelers who recently returned from areas with known virus transmission. Dengue is an exanthematic febrile disease with variable clinical progression.
Pdf interferon response factors 3 and 7 protect against. About 3,700 people are confirmed or suspected of having contracted it. Dengue hemorrhagic fever an overview sciencedirect topics. Clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes in adults experiencing dengue hemorrhagic fever complicated with acute renal failure. Pdf chikungunya was first described by marion robinson and w. Several neurological, ocular, and hemorrhagic manifestations of fulminant hepatitis have. Dengue fever is common in tropical areas, so take extra precautions if you travel somewhere with this type of climate. Both chikungunya and dengue should always be considered in case of fever in travelers returning from these countries. Chikungunya disease does not often result in death, but the symptoms can be severe and disabling. The differential diagnosis of chikungunya virus infection varies based on place of residence, travel history, and exposures. First cases of autochthonous dengue fever and chikungunya. Chikungunya chikungunya fever is a mosquitoborne disease caused by a virus in the alphavirus genus, togaviridae family. Viral virulence, infection enhancing antibodies, cytokines and chemical mediators in the setting of intense immune activation are the key players implicated in the pathogenesis of dhf.
15 548 158 396 1433 516 1469 892 343 772 479 719 296 66 1500 1213 546 1049 69 901 141 202 174 406 1261 915 1499 113